van der Straten

History of the Lords of Waillet, Ponthoz, and Wallay

Black Gold Green Orange Masterpieces Silver/Metal Wax Cases White Wood

The Bollandist Scholars (A group of scholars, originally Jesuits) have written about the genealogy of the van der Straten from the irrefutable source taken form the diplomas of the Counts of Flanders.

The house takes its name from the Castle of Straten near the city of Bruges.

"Erat Stratiana prope Brugas progenies eaque illustris et Carolo comiti grate, cui vicinum urbi Stratenum Dominium, prope abbatiam Sancti-Andreae, quae ex iloo decerpta est, nomen peperit". (Acta Sanctorum, p158, No22).

The lords of Straten were of noble and chivalrous lineage. Their power was great, and they ruled with their armed warriors under their banner.

It is from Gualbert of Bruges that we learn it:

"During the siege of Bruges, in 1127, the nephews of Thanemar de Straten proudly planted their victorious banners on the house of the provost Berthulph, a local magistrate responsible for law enforcement and administration".

"In domo quoque praepositi, nepotes Thancmari quorum causa in parte traditio facta est, ut aiunt, profixerant signa sua suprbe et gloriose ac potenter..." (Acta Sanctorum Martii, tome C, p186, No74).

After the Bollandist Scholars, Charles de Visch and Marius Voet, in their "Chronology of the Bruges Nobility", have continued to study the genealogy of the van der Straten from charters that still exist today in the various archives of the city of Bruges. Other manuscripts kept in the archives of the Council of the Nobility in The Hague have followed the genealogy until the 15th century.

Since then, the van der Straten family has renewed its proofs of nobility of chivalrous lineage, name, and arms, as well as its genealogy, through its admission to the Teutonic Order around 1450, to the Noble Abbaye of Saint-Gertrude in Leuven in 1573, to the Order of Malta in 1773, to the Chapter of Maubeuge in 1775, to the Siege of the Nobles of the Duchy of Luxembourg and the County of Chiny in 1768, to the Noble State of the County of Namur in 1771, and to the Order of the Nobility of the French Hainaut in 1788. Finaly, the family has also given the proofs of nobility to the Court of Brussels in 1780, and the Order of the "Crois-Etoilee" in 1843.

In the charters written in Latin or French, and until the mid-13th century, the knights of the van der Straten family are called "de Straten"

From the beginning of the 13th century, the coat of arms of the family appears in wax seals on a large number of charters and public documents that still exist today. In these times, the arms often varied in order to distinguish different members or branches of a same family. The first arms of the Lords de Straten, since 1220, year in which we can trace the first known seal, was: Gules, three swords of silver, placed in bend (De gueules à trois épées d'argent, mises en bande).
The second branch of the van der Straten family, Lords of Lovendeghem was "Fess of eight pieces", as shown on the seals of the archives of the Chartreux de Gand in 1308.

The third branch, which was established in the Duchy of Gueldre, first wore the same arms as the senior branch (Gules, three swords of silver, placed in bend), but replaced it later with "Gules, a fish". Finaly, in 1420, when the Lovendeghem branch became extinct, the third branch adopted the "Fess of eight pieces", and since then the coat of arms has not varied anymore.

Charles V, who wanted to reward the services that the van der Straten family rendered him, granted new letters of patent in 1521. The letters of patent not only confirmed the old nobility of the family, but also incorporate it in the nobility of the Empire. Moreover, the Emperor confirmed the old arms, but augmented them with "a chief Or, charged with three eagle's claws of the Empire, and for crest an eagle's claw between two wings in the antique style, sable". Since then, a crown was added, as well as two eagles as supporters, and the motto "Qui Ruse S'abuse" or "Preux et Loyal".

Armoiries premiere branche, Sires de Straten, Flandres, depuis 1220, de gueules a troies e

Blason seconde branche van der Straten, dite de Straten, Sires de Lovendeghem, Flandres, e

Henri de Straten arms of the third branch

Arms of the First Branch of the family, the branch of the lords of Straten, in Flanders, since 1220: "Gules, three swords argent in bend".

Arms of the Second Branch of the family, the lords of Lovendeghem, in Flanders, as found in the archives of the Chartreux de Gand in 1308: "Fess of eight pieces argent and azure".

Arms of the Third Branch, established in the Duchy of Gueldre, after they were changed from the three swords of the First Branch to: "Gules, a fish".
However, in 1420, after the extinction of the Second Branch, the branch of Lovendeghem, this branch adopted its arms, "fess of eight pieces".

Blason de Straten, famille van der Straten, en 1521, augmentees par Charles Quint

Arms of the family after the Third Branch adopted the arms of the Second Branch, extinct, and after the arms were augmented by Charles V with a fess Or charged with 3 claws of eagle of the empire, with an eagle claw as a crest between two wings sable, in antique style. These arms have not changed anymore to the present days.

Present coat of arms of the van der Straten family, with a crown and two eagles as support

Following the modification to the arms of the van der Straten family in the letters of patent of 1521, a crown was added, together with two eagles as supporters, and the motto "Qui Ruse S'abuse" or "Preux et Loyal".
These arms are still used nowadays.

Arms of Rodolphe Georges Gabriel Charles Fortune, Count van der Straten Ponthoz, born on the 7th of October 1851. This coat of arms shows the arms of the first and third branches of the family, in the first and third quarters of the shield. The second and fourth quarter refer to the arms of Marie Joseph de Hamal de Brialmont, who married with Charles Fortune Henri, Baron van der Straten.

The smaller coat of arms "Or, a saltire Gules" refers to the de Surlet family,
which is part of the genealogy of the Hamal family.

Origins of the family.

Knight Athelard de Straten, was the lord of Straten, a considerable domain that depended directly on the County of Flanders. The castle was located in the direct vicinity of Bruges and was called Betferkercke in the 10th century.

"Betferkercke olim nunc Straten dictum, vicus juxta Brugas, nomen dedit familioe van der Straten, olim potentissimoe ac celeberrimoe" (Miraeus Opera Diplom, tome Ier, p 273).

Athelard de Straten signed in 1067, as a witness, the letters of donation of Bandouin de Lille to the Benedictines of Berghes Saint-Winoc, in the presence of the Bishop of Tournai.

Another important charter due to its antiquity, mentions the name of Athelard de Straten. It dates back to 1089 and was given by the Count of Flanders Robert II, the son of Robert I the Frisian, to exempt of public taxes the church of Saint-Donat, built inside of the castle of Bruges. Athelard was among the elite of the barons and knights of Flanders that followed Robert II in the first crusade of 1096.

The Bollandist Scholars mention a brother of Athelard de Straten who was killed in the civil wars of 1126 and 1127. The attribute him 3 sons.
One of them was Thancmar (or Thagmard, or Thammard) de Straten, son of Athelard, who inherited the lorship of Straten. He was a favorite of the counts of Flanders Robert II, Charles the Good, Guillaume of Normandy (Guillaume Cliton), and Thierry of Alsace.

The fortune of Thancmar de Straten was so great, and his influence at the court of Charles the Good so considerable, that others, such as the Errembault family were afraid that the lords of Straten could still reinforce their number of supporters.

"Verum praepositus et sui qui sibi validiores et superbiores videbantur, ad tutelam alterius partis eum (Thancmarum) intendere suspicabantur"

Thancmar de Straten adopted the three sons of his brother Berenould, who passed away before the troubles of the year 1127. They all were at the forefront of the quarrels among the knights and nobles of Flanders after the death of Count Charles the Good. The late count had a high esteem for Thancmar de Straten and trusted him. "Thancmari de Straten, justae parti comes favebat", said the Bollandists.

Thancmar de Straten supported Guillaume of Normandy, who competed with Thierry of Alsace for the County of Flanders. Following the victory of Thierry of Alsace, Thancmar, head of the de Straten family and involved in all the events of the previous turbulent years, kept the favors that Guillaume of Normandy and Charles the Good had given him at the court.

In 1131 Thancmar de Straten retired at the Abbaye of Saint-Andre where he became monk. He passed away in the Abbaye and was succeeded by Walter (or Wauthier), Richard, and Arnould.

Wauthier (or Walter) de Straten, Lord of Straten, son of Berenould, was generally known as the nephew of Thancmar, since he had been adopted by his uncle, and had since lived in the castle of Straten with his brothers. He had grown up as a warrior and was feared by the ennemies of the Count of Flanders. He married Edwine, the daughter of Richard de Woldman. Wauthier and his two brothers, Richard and Arnould, shared with their uncle Thancmar all the perils of the civil war that ravaged Flanders when Charles the Good passed away.

The Straten and the Errembault...
A visceral hatred existed between the de Straten family and the Errembault family. Both were powerful families that dominated the administration of the County of Flanders.

The origin of the wealth of the Errembault family is not without fault and it is said that they have accessed to their rank and wealth following the murder of the Lord of Boldran. During the civil war of 1127 and 1128, murders, destruction, massacres, treason, vengeance, defiance, and pillage were all part of the story of the two families. In 1127, the Straten put their own domain on fire, preferring to destroy it by themselves rather than let it in the hands of their enemies. Wauthier was gravely wounded, and the de Straten made prisoners. The death of Guillaume of Normandy in 1128 put an end to the civil war that had been disastrous for the de Straten.

Wauthier de Straten and Edwine de Woldman were succeeded by Richard and Hugues.

Richard (Ricardus Miles) de Straten, Lord of Straten, was also Lord of Oudenbourg.
The qualification of "Miles de Straten" afforded to Richard has a particular significance. It is synonymous to Richard Dominus de Straten. It means that the lordship of Straten was a lordship with banner, or, as it was referred to in these days, a lordship of knighthood. This placed the lordship of Straten in the first rank in the hierarchy of the domains of Flanders at the end of the 12th century.

We don't know the name of the wife of Richard, but he was succeeded in the lordship of Straten by Hugues and Willaume (Guillaume).

A mention of Knight Willaume de Straten is made in 1205.

A few years earlier he had followed, together with the best of the Flander's knights, Baldwin V, Count of Flanders and of the Hainaut, to the 4th crusade.

The name and the arms of Willaume de Straten are in the Hall of Crusades of the Versailles Museum. The Royal Commission of the Charters in Paris, entrusted in verifying the authenticity of the titles, had to choose between Athelart de Straten, who took part in the first crusade in 1096, or Willaume de Straten.

The Commission preferred Willaume after having found in the archives of Oudenbourg the proof of arms "Fess of eight pieces" that the de Lovendeghem family branch had adopted, contrary to the descendants of Richard de Straten who used the arms "three swords in bend"" in 1225.

The coat of arms can be seen in the second chamber. It can be seen in the picture.

Willaume (Guillaume) de Straten, knight and lord of Straten succeeded to his father in 1280 and started to be referred to Guillaume van Straten in the flemish registries. He is also called in the charters as "Monseigneur de Straten", equivalent to His Lordship.

The second son of Richard, Hugues de Straten, was married twice and had six children. From the first marriage, he had four children: Richard, Goswin, who will be the head of the branch established in Gueldre, Thierry, and Simon, who established the branch of Lovendeghem. From his second marriage, he had two more children, Hugues and Nicolas.

The descendants later on used the name of van Straten, instead of de Straten, such as Dammart van Straten, of the Oudenbourg branch, or Louis van Straten, who was Echevin du Franc of Bruges, nominated by Charles the Bold in 1475.

However, other family members took the name van der Straten, such as Jean van der Straten, also called Jean de Lovendeghem, or Jean van der Straten, Lord of Straten in Lovendeghem. It is Jean who changed his coat of arms to "Fess of eight pieces" after the Lovendeghem branch of the family became instinct.

Jean van der Straten, born in 1450, was ambassador of Charles of Austria to the King of Denmark, Chretien II, and the King of Poland, Sigismond I. He was also the first family member to reside in Gueldre. He married Anne de Schuyt, who was from an opulent and illustrious family of Antwerp. They had a unique child: Pierre.

Pierre van der Straten, knight, was born in 1479, and was the lord of Cleydael, Steevers, Schelles, and of Nyele, as well as lord of Burcht and Bouchaute in Alost. He was a councilor of the Emperor Charles V, and died in 1533.

It is in 1521 that the Emperor, taking into consideration the services rendered by Pierre and his ancestors to the Princess of Austria, augmented his coat of arms, to be used by himself and his legitimate descendants of both sexes. The letters of patent alone give ample proof of the status of the House of Straten and the great favors that the family enjoyed from the Emperor Charles V. Very few families did obtain the favors and privileges that Pierre van der Straten received.
Pierre married Catherine de Belle, who was from the House of Masmines. They died in 1533 and 1554 and transmitted to their children a considerable patrimony in the Duchy of Brabant, which kept them a position as high as the ones of their ancestors in Gueldre and Flanders.

When Pierre passed away, Charles V, grateful for the services that he had rendered, wrote to the Governor of the Low Lands to recommend to take under his protection les children of Pierre and Catherine.

Charles Fortune van der Straten, born in 1588, was the son of Lucas, but inherited in 1606 from his cousin Jean, the lordships of Burght and Bouchaute. later on, in 1617 and 1635, he also inherited the fortune of his brothers Marc and Pierre. Charles Fortune van der Straten thus consolidated family weatlh in his hands. He also acquired the lorship of Corbeek-sur-la-Dyle and was given by the Archdukes Albert and Isabelle in 1618 the mayorship of Cumptich, with all the rights to collect fees without being obliged to report to the King. He married Anne Jeanne de Couwenhoven in 1624 and had 6 children. and died in 1636.

Their eldest son, also Charles Fortune van der Straten, was born in 1625 and married Marie de Crisgnee, daughter of Jean de Crisgnee, knight and lord of Waillet. Charles Fortune thus became the Lord of Waillet through his marriage with Marie.

The lorship of Waillet, originaly located in the Duchy of Luxembourg but later unified with Liege, changed hands several times in its history.
In 1358 the lordship was given by the Duke of Brabant to Thierry de Walcourt, Lord of Rocherfort, Montagu, and Clermont. After his death, Waillet was transmitted to his son, Wery de Rochefort, Lord of Ochain. Their daughter, Therese, married Henri de Hornes, and their daughter Jeanne, Dame of the Flamengerie and of Haneffe, inherited Waillet. Jeanne then gave through marriage to Jean de Schoonvorst, Lord of Montjoye en Leyffel.
Later on, the lordship of Waillet ended in the hands of the House of de la Mark d'Arenberg. In 1484, Catherine de la Mark gave the lordship of Waillet to her husband Gilles d'Ochain de Verlaine. Marguerite de Verlaine, who had inherited Waillet later made alliance with Jean de Crisgnee. And it is the sister of Jean, Marie, who then married Charles Fortune van der Straten.

Charles Fortune died in 1695 at the age of 70 years, after a successful career in the military. Marie died in 1709. They are both layed to rest at the chapel of Waillet, in tombs engraved with their coat of arms. They had 7 children: Oger Jean, Pierre-Gilles, Francois, Marie Bernardine, as well as Charles, Adolphe, and Geneviene, who died young.

Oger Jean van der Straten was born in the castle of Waillet the 6th of November 1661. He was the lord of Fresnoy, Waillet, Tour-Comblain, Verlee, and Ponthoz.

He was first married to Marie Barbe d'Ophem, Dame of Merbeeck, who died in 1692. He then remarried in 1699 with Marie Lambertine, Countess of Marchin and of the Saint-Empire.

Ponthoz.

Oger Jean, together with his brothers and sisters, had inherited the properties of their uncle Jean Baptiste, in Tildonck, Herent, Holsbeek, Wilsele, Boetselaer, and Wachtreseel, which were located in the Duchy of Brabant. Besides this, Oger Jean and his mother, Marie de Crisgnee, had inherited the land of Ponthoz, from Henri de Verlaine, in 1704.

Ponthoz depended of the lorship of Ochain in the Condrox. In 1280 it belonged to Gerad, Lord of Ochain, who was married to Agnes de Dammartin. From this marriage he had two sons: Wauthiez and Jean. The eldest, Wauthier, Lord of Ochain, married to Anne de Rosoy, died in 1311, and is laid to rest in the church of Clavier. He ceded to his brother, Jean d'Ochain, head of the branch of Xhoce, the fortress and the domain of Ponthoz.
Later on, in 1452, Gilles d'Ochain sold Ponthoz to Wathier de Corswarem, grand-chancelor of Prince Louis de Bourbon.

The fief of Ponthoz became independent in 1456 and gained additional privileges.

In 1548, the heirs of Wathier de Corswarem exchanged the tower and the fortress of Ponthoz for other properties, with their parent Robert de la Marck d'Arenberg, Lord of Tour-Comblain, who was the natural son of Evrard de la Marck d'Arenberg, the Lord of Neuchateau-sur-Ambleve, and Catherine d'Alsteren. Robert was married with Catherine de Landernois de Ville, and had 3 daughters:

Jeanne de la Marck inherited of Ponthoz, which she gave to her husband Thierry de Hoen-Hoensbrouck, Lord of Nadrin, Fraineux, and Plaineveaux. But after the death of his wife, he ceded Ponthoz to his brother-in-law, Charles Francois.
Dorothee de la Marck, second daughter, married in 1565 Charles Francois d'Ochain de Xhoce, Lord of Verlaine, to whom Thierry de Hoen ceded Ponthoz.

The fief of Ponthoz stayed in the possession of the Verlaine family until 1704, when Henri de Verlaine passed away. He is laid to rest in the chapel of Ponthoz in the church of Clavier. In his last will he gave Ponthoz to his parents Marie de Crisgnee and Oger Jean van der Straten.

Oger Jean van der Straten remarried in 1699 with Marie Lambertine, Countess of Marchin and of the Saint-Empire, Dame de Verlee, daughter of Philippe de Marchin, knight, Lord of Verlee, Saint-Croix, and Haverenne, Officer of the city of Marche for King Philippe V.
Oger died in 1726 and Marie Lambertine in 1733. Both are laid to rest in the chapel of the church of Waillet.

To follow the rules of the Princes-Bishops of Liege and of the Emperor Leopold, regarding the privileges and titles of the noble families in the Lowlands who possessed lordships in Liege, Oger van der Straten deposited the titles of his family to the private council of the Prince. His genealogy, approved by Lefort, King of Heralds of His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty and His Serene Highness the Bishop and Prince of Liege, was inserted in the volume VII of the genealogy of the families of the Lowlands dating before the 17th century, and deposited at the archives of the private council, as well as in the 13th volume of the general collection of Lefort. Justified in this way, the van der Straten genealogy was considered official and authentic.

Oger Jean van der Straten had two children with Marie Lambertine: Charles Fortune Henri, born in 1703, and Gilles Pierre, his twin brother who died very young.

Charles Fortune Henri, Baron van der Straten, knight, was born in the castle of Waillet on the 7th of January 1703. He was the lord of county of Rochefort, lord of Waillet, Fresnoy, Ponthoz, the Mont, Verlee, Wallay, and Reppe. In 1731 he married Marie Joseph de Hamal de Brialmont, who was the daughter of Ignace de Hamal de Brialmont.
Charles Fortune Henri gained the rights on the lordships of Wallay and Reppe that had ended in the hands of the Hamal de Brialmont family.
Together, Charles Fortune Henri and Maria Joseph had 11 children: Charles Francois Joseph, Adrien Martin, Marie Bernardine, Ignace Isidore, Marie Anne Aldegonde, Antoine Joseph Adrien (Baron van der Straten Walley, founder of the Wallay branch of the family), Marie Marguerite Charlotte, Antoine Guillaume, Jena Henri Ignace, Dieudonee Albertine Joseph Ignace, and Marie Lambertine, dite mademoiselle de Reppe.

Charles Francois Joseph, Count van der Straten, knight, was bord in the castle of Waillet on the 3rd of October 1734. Like his father, he was Peer of the County of Rochefort, Lord of Waillet, of the Mont, Fresnoy, Ponthoz, Cerfontaine, and Enneilles. He was member of the "Siege des nobles" of the Duchy of Luxembourg and of the County of Chiny, member of the Order of the Nobility of the French Hainaut. He was elevated to the title of Count by King Louis XVI.
In 1749 he entered with the grade of Lieutenant at the service of the Empress Marie-Therese and pursued a military career.
Charles Francois Joseph married Marie Louis Elisabeth d'Everlange de Witry, daughter of Ernest Guillaume, Baron of Everlange, Lord of Witry, Bodange, Cobreville, Assemois, Strinchamps, and Wisambach.

Charles Francois Joseph was elevated to the title of Count by King Louis XVII.
Charles Francois Joseph, Count van der Straten, died in the castle of Cerfontaine on the 13th of July 1791. From his marriage with Elisabeth d'Everlange de Witry he left 7 children: Louis Marie Hyancinthe Joseph Henri, Marie Anne Aldegonde, Charles Joseph Alexandre, Marie LouiseJosephe, Louis Marie Joseph (Baron), Henriette Josephe Scholastique, and Louis Marie Joseph Hyacinthe, Comte van der Straten, the founder of the Ponthoz branch of the family.

Charles Joseph Alexandre, Count and Baron van der Straten Waillet, knight, was born in the castle of Ponthoz on the 2nd of November 1767.
He was Peer of the County of Rochefort, Lord of Waillet, the Mont, Enneilles, and Nedonchel in the County of Thiant. He was a member of the Order of the Nobility of the French Hainaut.

It is by testament of his father that he inherited of the lorship of Waillet to the condition that he should be married.
This condition demonstrates the importance that the family attached to the titles and lineage that their ancestry justified and that ensured their position in the aristocracy of the Austrian Lowlands. So, in November 1795 Charles Joseph Alexandre married with Charlotte, Baroness of Pouilly (1770-1809). She was the daughter of the Marquis of Pouilly, Baron of Cornay, Marquis of Lancon, and Louise Elisabeth Charlotte de Lardenoys de Ville. In 1813 he married for a second time with Marie Josephe Henriette van Eyll (1780-1829), who was the daugther of Alard, Baron van Eyll, Baron of Soncholt, Lord of Hollebeck.

The French revolution and the abolishment of the hereditary nobility...

On the 4th of August 1789 the French National Assembly, wanting to make a radical reform of the institutions of France, abolished the hereditary nobility of France.
The conquest of the Austrian Lowlands and Liege by the French Republican Army also imposed the French legislation to the Belgians. The titles were suppressed as well as all the privileges of the nobility. This situation stayed the same until the promulgation of the French Charter in 1814.

The article 71 of the charter allowed the old nobility to repossess its titles, and thus gave back to Charles Joseph Alexandre his rights, to the condition that he took the French nationality and took residence in France.

Charles Joseph Alexandre, however, never made any declaration of nationality and continued to reside in the castle of Waillet, in Liege, which was incorporated to the Lowlands.

In 1816, Guillaume I, the first king of the Netherlands, designated the heads of the three branches of the van der Straten family, the Waillet branch, the Ponthoz branch, and the Wallay branch, to be incorporated in the Corps Equestres of the provinces of Namur and Luxembourg. But, to the contrary of the French charter, the Dutch charter did not give the right to the old nobility to repossess its titles without producing proofs of nobility.

"Following the Royal Decree of the 28th of December 1816, to enjoy nobility, and to be recognized and incorporated in the nobility of the Kingdom, the interested persons will have to receive, through the intermediary of the Supreme Council of the Nobility, a diploma signed by the King".

This formality did greatly upset the old Belgian nobility and created anger. It indeed obliged everyone, even those of which the old nobility was well established, to receive new letters of patent. Moreover, these formalities were to be taxed.

So, the Belgian families of the old nobility refused to conform themselves to the decree. Some were hurt to be obliged to justify a nobility that was already indisputable, while others were afraid that the new letters of patent would be assimilated to "nobility in exchange of money". Other also thought that it was unfair to be treated differently than the old nobility of France, which had regained its titles with the article 71 of the French charter.
In 1817, the Dutch made concessions. A new decree "waived the need of new letters of patent for all inhabitants of the meridional provinces who had one ancestor of the same name and coat of arms as from 1555 and recognized as being of noble race".
This new decree was to the satisfaction of the families of the old nobility of Belgium.

Charles Joseph Alexandre had 8 children from his first marriage, and 2 from the second marriage.
From the first marriage: Joseph, Charlotte, Josephine, Aldegonde, Henri (see below), Louise, Albertine, and Marie. From the second marriage: Guillelmine and Pauline.

Henri, Baron van der Straten Waillet was born in the castle of Waillet on the 10th of December 1804. He was born under the domination of France, and thus, due to the treaties and decrees, had to adopt the French nationality, enjoying the title of French count. He was nevertheless a subject of the Netherlands but obtained the regularization of his Belgian nobility in 1839 from Leopold I, the first King of the Belgians.

He married Louise de Bex, daughter of Pierre Ernest, knight of Bex, and Agnes de Grumsel d'Emale.
Together, they had 8 children: Henri, Marie Aldegonde, Marie Hyacinthe Amelie, Francois Joseph Louis, Pauline, Pierre Paul Xavier Gabrielle, Francois Joseph Guillaume, and Charles Fortune Joseph.